1. The innate immunity that protects a person digging in the garden from developing a microbial infection includes all of the following except
a. lymphocytes.
b. lymphocytes.
c. mucous membranes.
d. acidic secretions.
e. antimicrobial proteins.

2. In the inflammatory response, the absence of which of the following would prevent all the others from happening?
a. dilation of arterioles
b. increased permeability of blood vessels
c. increased population of phagocytes in the area
d. release of histamine
e. leakage of plasma to the affected area

3. Inflammatory responses may include all of the following except
a. clotting proteins sealing off a localized area.
b. increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.
c. reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma.
d. release of substances to increase the blood supply to an inflamed area.
e. increased release of white blood cells from bone marrow.

4. What are antigens?
a. proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump
b. molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
c. proteins embedded in B cell membranes
d. proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains
e. proteins released during an inflammatory response

5. If a newborn does not have a thymus, what would most likely happen?
a. His cells would lack class I MHC molecules on their surface.
b. His immune system would not function.
c. Genetic rearrangement of antigen receptors would not occur.
d. His T cells would not undergo the test of self-tolerance.
e. His B cells would be reduced in number.

6. Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response?
a. memory cells
b. dendritic cell
c. stem cells
d. B cells
e. T cells

7. Which of the following cell types makes antibodies?
a. memory cells
b. dendritic cell
c. stem cells
d. B cells
e. T cells

8. Which of the following cell types presents antigens to T cells?
a. memory cells
b. dendritic cell
c. stem cells
d. B cells
e. T cells

9. What happens to a person who receives influenza vaccine?
a. Naturally acquired passive immunity
b. Artificially acquired passive immunity
c. Naturally acquired active immunity
d. Artificially acquired active immunity
e. Artificially acquired immunodeficiency

10. What happens to a person who receives antivenin following a snake bite?
a. Naturally acquired passive immunity
b. Artificially acquired passive immunity
c. Naturally acquired active immunity
d. Artificially acquired active immunity
e. Artificially acquired immunodeficiency

11. A person who had chickenpox does not contract it a second time because of
a. naturally acquired passive immunity
b. artificially acquired passive immunity
c. naturally acquired active immunity
d. artificially acquired active immunity
e. artificially acquired immunodeficiency

12. What would be the major concern for an individual with type A blood who receives a transfusion of type B blood?
a. the antibodies in the serum of the donor
b. the antibodies in the serum of the recipient
c. the anti-A antibodies produced by the donor
d. the production of memory cells that will occur in the recipient
e. antibodies in both the donor's and recipient's serum

13. In which of the cases shown could the mother exhibit an anti-Rh-factor reaction to the developing fetus?

a. case 1 only
b. case 3 only
c. cases 1 and 2
d. cases 1, 2, and 3
e. It cannot be determined from the data given.

14. An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because
a. MHC molecules of the host may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue.
b. the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response.
c. a response to the graft will involve T cells and a response to the bacterium will not.
d. a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells.
e. the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient.

15. In order to investigate the immune system of an invertebrate animal, a scientist grafts a section of epidermis from one earthworm to another. What might be the result of such an experiment?
a. Invertebrates do not have immune responses, so the graft will be accepted.
b. The graft will be recognized as nonself and rejected.
c. This graft will be accepted, but a second graft would be rejected.
d. The graft may recognize the host as foreign and react to it.
e. Both B and D would happen.