Materials for Exam #3

The material below is for exam #3 to be held the week of (November 20^th).

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Ch 12	Ch 13	Ch 15	Ch 16	Ch 17	Ch 18	Ch 19	Ch 20

Chapter 11: The Nervous system

1. What is memory and what can influence memory?

2. Know the divisions of the Nervous System: The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves that carry signals to and from the brain and spinal cord.

Ch. 12: Sensory Reception

1. Sensory Systems: Describe the three component parts of a typical sensory system.

2. Types of Sensory Receptors: Chemoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, and Nociceptors.

3. Sensory Pathways: All sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to local, graded potentials, which may result in an action potential if the stimulus is intense or repeated fast enough

4. Describe how muscle sense works.

5. Somatic Sensations: Somatic sensations start in the receptor endings of surface tissues, skeletal muscles, and walls of internal organs: they then travel up the spinal cord to the somatosensory cortex of the brain to be interpreted.

6. Balance: The sense of balance depends on the organs of equilibrium named the…

Ch 13: The endocrine system

1. The Endocrine System: Hormones and other signaling molecules

2. A target cell’s response to a hormone is dependent on two factors:

3. Describe the action of a Steroid hormone.

4. Describe the action of a Non steroid hormone.

5. Describe how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland work jointly as the neural endocrine control center.

6. Name 5 Examples of Abnormal Pituitary Output

7. How does Diabetes occur and how is sugar concentration regulated in the body.

8. How can Oxytocin be used to induce labor? How does it work?

Ch 15: the Urinary System

1. Be able to identify the components of the urinary system and their function.
2. Describe the structure of the nephron and the processes involved in during formation.
3. What factors influence filtration pressure and the rate of filtrate formation?
4. How do the kidneys respond to changing blood pressure?
5. Describe the general symptoms and signs of disorders of the urinary system.

What are some examples of conditions resulting form abnormal renal function.

16: Reproductive systems

1. When is sex determined? What determines sex?
2. Define the gonads, accessory glands and ducts of sex.
3. Where and how do sperm form?
4. What and where is semen formed.
5. What hormones control sperm production?
6. List the components of the female reproductive system.
7. Where is an egg produces and what structures does the egg pass when it is discharged form the body?
8. Overview the menstrual cycle, define the three phases of the menstrual cycle.
9. How many mature eggs will a female produce during her lifetime?
10. Describe the methods of preventing human fertility.
11. Describe infertility, how do doctors make an infertile couple have children?

17: Cell Reproduction

1. Define mitosis and meiosis
2. How do simple somatic cells reproduce?
3. What is the chromosome number of human cells before and after division? Mitosis and Meiosis?
4. Be able to draw the stages of mitosis and meiosis
5. Draw a homologous pair of chromosomes?
6. Be able to recognize the four states of mitosis? What is going on during each phase?
7. What is cytokinesis?
8. Describe the events of meiosis that produce haploid cells?
9. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis? What are the really big differences?

Ch 18: Cancer

1. Define cancer
2. What are the genetic triggers for cancer?
3. How id cancer diagnosed?
4. What are the treatments for cancer?
5. How can one prevent cancer?
6. What are the major types of cancer?
7. What are the most common cancers, what are their causes and how are they prevented.

19: Observable patterns of inheritance

1. What did Gregory Mendel do?
2. Define genes, locus, homologous chromosome, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive genotype, phenotype
3. How does one use the above words?
4. What were Mendel's three basic tenets?
5. Monohybrid and dihybrid cross
6. 3:1 and (9:3:3:1) ratios
7. Define and describe independent assortment?
8. Penetrance, polygenic traits and genetic effect on behavior?
9. How does crossing over affect the linkage of two genes?
10. What chromosomes are Autosomes and sex chromosomes?
11. Draw a Puente square to show the ration of boys to girls in a human cross.
12. What chromosomes determine sex?
13. Pedigree analysis (given a simple pedigree problem solve it)
14. Define the following as they pertain to genetics: Abnormal, genetic disorder, genetic counseling
15. Describe and define an autosomal recessive inherited trait
16. Describe and define an autosomal dominant inherited trait
17. Describe and define a sex linked trait
18. Be able to set up and read crosses with the above traits.
19. What is sex influenced inheritance
20. What are the effects of chromosome number on birth
21. Name some syndromes that have too many or too few chromosomes

Preview of Materials for the Final Exam (50% Ch 20-22 and 50% comprehensive review)

20:Development and Aging

1. List the stages of development and describes what happens
2. Where is the egg fertilized and where does it eventually end up?
3. List and define the primary tissues.
4. What is organogenesis?
5. How many sperm are deposited in the vagina? How may sperm fertilize the egg?
6. What is implantation?
7. What role does the placenta play in development?
8. Describe an embryo at the end of eight weeks?
9. What happens during the 2nt trimester?
10. Describe the process of birth and lactation?
11. How does the maternal lifestyle affect development?
12. What happens to the body as it ages?
13. What are the causes of aging?
14. What happens to the body system as it ages?