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Ch 22 |
|||||
|
|
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|
|
|
Plant structure and growth |
||||
|
monocots |
|
||||
|
|
dicots |
|
|||
|
|
root system |
|
|||
|
|
shoot system |
|
|||
|
|
xylem |
|
|||
|
|
phloem |
|
|||
|
|
taproot |
|
|||
|
|
fibrous root |
|
|||
|
|
root hairs |
|
|||
|
|
adventitious |
|
|||
|
|
stem |
|
|||
|
|
node |
|
|||
|
|
interneode |
|
|||
|
|
axillary bud |
|
|||
|
|
termial bud |
|
|||
|
|
apical dominance |
|
|||
|
|
leaves |
|
|||
|
|
blade |
|
|||
|
|
meristem |
|
|||
|
|
apical meristem |
|
|||
|
|
primary growth |
|
|||
|
|
secondary growth |
|
|||
|
|
lateral meristem |
|
|||
|
|
primary plant body |
|
|||
|
|
root cap |
|
|||
|
|
zone of cell division |
|
|||
|
|
quiescent center |
|
|||
|
|
protoderm |
|
|||
|
|
pericycle |
|
|||
|
|
procambium |
|
|||
|
|
ground meristem |
|
|||
|
|
zone of elongation |
|
|||
|
|
zone of maturation |
|
|||
|
|
stele |
|
|||
|
|
pith |
|
|||
|
|
cortex |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Transport in Plants |
||||
|
transport proteins |
|
||||
|
|
selective channels |
|
|||
|
|
chemiosmosis |
|
|||
|
|
osmosis |
|
|||
|
|
water potential |
|
|||
|
|
megapascals |
|
|||
|
|
tension |
|
|||
|
|
plasmolyze |
|
|||
|
|
endodermis |
|
|||
|
|
Casparian strip |
|
|||
|
|
transpiration |
|
|||
|
|
cohesion |
|
|||
|
|
root pressure |
|
|||
|
|
guttation |
|
|||
|
|
transpiration-to-photosynthesis
ration |
||||
|
|
circadian rhythms |
|
|||
|
|
translocation |
|
|||
|
|
sugar source |
|
|||
|
|
sugar sink |
|
|||
|
|
transfer cells |
|
|||
|
|
Turgor pressure |
|
|||
|
|
turgid |
|
|||
|
|
aquaporins |
|
|||
|
|
tonoplast |
|
|||
|
|
symplast |
|
|||
|
|
apoplast |
|
|||
|
|
bulk flow |
|
|||
|
|
mychorrhizae |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Plant nutrition |
||||
|
mineral nutrients |
|
||||
|
|
essential nutrient |
|
|||
|
|
macronutrients |
|
|||
|
|
micronutrients |
|
|||
|
|
topsoil |
|
|||
|
|
horizons |
|
|||
|
|
loams |
|
|||
|
|
humus |
|
|||
|
|
cation exchange |
|
|||
|
|
nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
|
|||
|
|
nitrogen fixation |
|
|||
|
|
nitrogenase |
|
|||
|
|
nodules |
|
|||
|
|
bacteroids |
|
|||
|
|
mycorrhizae |
|
|||
|
|
ectomycorrhizae |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
plant reproduction and
development |
||||
|
alternation of generations |
|||||
|
|
sporophyte |
|
|||
|
|
gametophyte |
|
|||
|
|
monoecious |
|
|||
|
|
dioecious |
|
|||
|
|
microspore |
|
|||
|
|
megaspore |
|
|||
|
|
scutellum |
|
|||
|
|
coleorhiza |
|
|||
|
|
coleoptile |
|
|||
|
|
fruit |
|
|||
|
|
stock |
|
|||
|
|
scion |
|
|||
|
|
protoplast fusion |
|
|||
|
|
monoculture |
|
|||
|
|
sepal |
|
|||
|
|
petal |
|
|||
|
|
stamen |
|
|||
|
|
ovules |
|
|||
|
|
complete flower |
|
|||
|
|
incomplete flower |
|
|||
|
|
perfect flower |
|
|||
|
|
imperfect flower |
|
|||
|
|
organ-identity genes |
|
|||
|
|
development |
|
|||
|
|
growth |
|
|||
|
|
morphogenesis |
|
|||
|
|
cellular diferentiation |
|
|||
|
|
preprophase band |
|
|||
|
|
pattern formation |
|
|||
|
|
positional information |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Control Systems in Plants |
|||||
|
hormone |
|
||||
|
|
phototropism |
|
|||
|
|
auxin |
|
|||
|
|
cytokinins |
|
|||
|
|
gibberellin |
|
|||
|
|
Abscisic acid (ABA) |
|
|||
|
|
ethylene |
|
|||
|
|
senescence |
|
|||
|
|
circadian rhythm |
|
|||
|
|
photoperiodism |
|
|||
|
|
short-day plant |
|
|||
|
|
long-day plants |
|
|||
|
|
day-neutral plants |
|
|||
|
|
Phytochrome |
|
|||
|
|
heat-shock proteins |
|
|||
|
|
gene-for-gene recognition |
||||
|
|
phytoalexins |
|
|||
|
|
PR proteins |
|
|||
|
|
hypersensitive response |
||||
|
|
systemic acquired
resistance (SAR) |
||||
|
An introduction to Animal
Structure and function |
|||||
|
tissues |
|
||||
|
|
epithelial tissue |
|
|||
|
|
basement membrane |
|
|||
|
|
simple epithelium |
|
|||
|
|
stratified epithelium |
|
|||
|
|
cuboidal |
|
|||
|
|
columnar |
|
|||
|
|
squamous |
|
|||
|
|
mucous membrane |
|
|||
|
|
connective tissue |
|
|||
|
|
loose connective tissue |
||||
|
|
collagenous fibers |
|
|||
|
|
elastic fibers |
|
|||
|
|
reticular fibers |
|
|||
|
|
fibroblasts |
|
|||
|
|
macrophages |
|
|||
|
|
adipose tissue |
|
|||
|
|
tendons |
|
|||
|
|
fibrous connective tissue |
||||
|
|
ligaments |
|
|||
|
|
cartilage |
|
|||
|
|
chondrocytes |
|
|||
|
|
bone |
|
|||
|
|
osteoblasts |
|
|||
|
|
Haversian systems |
|
|||
|
|
blood |
|
|||
|
|
nervous tissue |
|
|||
|
|
neuron |
|
|||
|
|
muscle tissue |
|
|||
|
|
skeletal muscle |
|
|||
|
|
striated muscle |
|
|||
|
|
cardiac muscle |
|
|||
|
|
organs |
|
|||
|
|
mesenteries |
|
|||
|
|
thoracic cavity |
|
|||
|
Animal Nutrition |
|
||||
|
undernourished |
|
||||
|
|
essential nutrients |
|
|||
|
|
malnourished |
|
|||
|
|
essential amino acids |
|
|||
|
|
essential fatty acids |
|
|||
|
|
vitamins |
|
|||
|
|
minerals |
|
|||
|
|
herbivores |
|
|||
|
|
carnivores |
|
|||
|
|
omnivores |
|
|||
|
|
ingestion |
|
|||
|
|
digestion |
|
|||
|
|
enzymatic hydrolysis |
|
|||
|
|
absorption |
|
|||
|
|
elimination |
|
|||
|
|
suspension-feeders |
|
|||
|
|
substrate-feeders |
|
|||
|
|
deposit-feeders |
|
|||
|
|
fluid-feeders |
|
|||
|
|
gastric juice |
|
|||
|
|
pepsin |
|
|||
|
|
pepsinogen |
|
|||
|
|
acid chyme |
|
|||
|
|
pyloric sphincter |
|
|||
|
|
small intestine |
|
|||
|
|
duodenum |
|
|||
|
|
bile |
|
|||
|
|
trypsin |
|
|||
|
|
chymotrypsin |
|
|||
|
|
carboxypeptidase |
|
|||
|
|
aminopeptidase |
|
|||
|
|
dipeptidase |
|
|||
|
|
enteropeptidase |
|
|||
|
|
nucleases |
|
|||
|
|
emulsification |
|
|||
|
|
lipase |
|
|||
|
|
jejunum |
|
|||
|
|
ileum |
|
|||
|
circulation and gas
Exchange |
|||||
|
open circulatory system |
|||||
|
|
hemolymph |
|
|||
|
|
sinuses |
|
|||
|
|
closed circulatory system |
||||
|
|
cardiovascular system |
|
|||
|
|
atrium |
|
|||
|
|
ventricles |
|
|||
|
|
arteries |
|
|||
|
|
arterioles |
|
|||
|
|
capillaries |
|
|||
|
|
capillary bed |
|
|||
|
|
venules |
|
|||
|
|
veins |
|
|||
|
|
systemic circuit |
|
|||
|
|
double circulation |
|
|||
|
|
pulmonary circuit |
|
|||
|
|
atrioventricular valve |
|
|||
|
|
semilunar valves |
|
|||
|
|
pulse |
|
|||
|
|
heart rate |
|
|||
|
|
cardiac cycle |
|
|||
|
|
systole |
|
|||
|
|
hemocyanin |
|
|||
|
|
diastole |
|
|||
|
|
cardiac output |
|
|||
|
|
stroke volume |
|
|||
|
|
sinoatrial (SA) node |
|
|||
|
|
pacemaker |
|
|||
|
|
atrioventricular (AV) node |
||||
|
|
electrocardiogram |
|
|||
|
|
endothelium |
|
|||
|
|
blood pressure |
|
|||
|
|
peripheral resistance |
|
|||
|
|
lymphatic system |
|
|||
|
|
lymph |
|
|||
|
|
lymph nodes |
|
|||
|
|
plasma |
|
|||
|
|
red blood cells |
|
|||
|
|
erythrocytes |
|
|||
|
|
hemoglobin |
|
|||
|
|
white blood cells |
|
|||
|
|
leukocytes |
|
|||
|
|
platelets |
|
|||
|
|
pluripotent stem cells |
|
|||
|
|
dissociation curve |
|
|||
|
|
|||||
|
lysozyme |
|
||||
|
|
phagocytosis |
|
|||
|
|
macrophages |
|
|||
|
|
eosinophils |
|
|||
|
|
natural killer cells |
|
|||
|
|
inflammatory response |
|
|||
|
|
histamine |
|
|||
|
|
basophils |
|
|||
|
|
mast cells |
|
|||
|
|
prostaglandins |
|
|||
|
|
chemokines |
|
|||
|
|
pryogens |
|
|||
|
|
complement system |
|
|||
|
|
interferon |
|
|||
|
|
B lymphocytes (B cells) |
||||
|
|
T lymphocytes (T cells) |
||||
|
|
antigens |
|
|||
|
|
antibodies |
|
|||
|
|
antigen receptors |
|
|||
|
|
T cell receptors |
|
|||
|
|
effector cells |
|
|||
|
|
memory cells |
|
|||
|
|
clonal selection |
|
|||
|
|
primary immune response |
||||
|
|
plasma cells |
|
|||
|
|
secondary immune response |
||||
|
|
major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) |
||||
|
|
Class I MHC |
|
|||
|
|
Class II MHC |
|
|||
|
|
antigen presentation |
|
|||
|
|
cytotoxic T cells (TC) |
|
|||
|
|
helper T cells (TH) |
|
|||
|
|
humoral immunity |
|
|||
|
|
cell-mediated immunity |
||||
|
|
antigen-presenting cells
(APCs) |
||||
|
|
cytokines |
|
|||
|
|
interleukin-2 (IL-2) |
|
|||
|
|
interleukin-1 (IL-1) |
|
|||
|
|
suppressor T cells (Ts) |
|
|||
|
|
CD8 |
|
|||
|
|
CD4 |
|
|||
|
|
target cell |
|
|||
|
|
perforin |
|
|||
|
|
tumor antigen |
|
|||
|
|
T-dependent antigens |
|
|||
|
|
T-independent antigens |
||||
|
|
epitope |
|
|||
|
|
immunoglobulins (Ig) |
|
|||
|
|
heavy chains |
|
|||
|
|
light chains |
|
|||
|
|
monoclonal antibodies |
|
|||
|
|
neutralizaiton |
|
|||
|
|
opsonization |
|
|||
|
|
agglutination |
|
|||
|
|
complement fixation |
|
|||
|
|
membrane attack complex
(MAC) |
||||
|
||||||
|
thermoregulation |
|
||||
|
|
osmoregulation |
|
|||
|
|
excretion |
|
|||
|
|
conduction |
|
|||
|
|
convection |
|
|||
|
|
radiation |
|
|||
|
|
evaporation |
|
|||
|
|
ectotherm |
|
|||
|
|
endotherm |
|
|||
|
|
vasodilation |
|
|||
|
|
vasoconstriction |
|
|||
|
|
countercurrent heat
exchanger |
||||
|
|
nonshivering thermogenesis |
||||
|
|
brown fat |
|
|||
|
|
acclimatization |
|
|||
|
|
stress-induced proteins |
||||
|
|
heat-shock proteins |
|
|||
|
|
torpor |
|
|||
|
|
hibernation |
|
|||
|
|
estivation |
|
|||
|
|
transport epithelium |
|
|||
|
|
ammonia |
|
|||
|
|
uric acid |
|
|||
|
|
osmolarity |
|
|||
|
|
osmoconformer |
|
|||
|
|
osmoregulator |
|
|||
|
|
stenohaline |
|
|||
|
|
euryhaline |
|
|||
|
|
anhydrobiosis |
|
|||
|
|
filtration |
|
|||
|
|
secretion |
|
|||
|
|
reabsorption |
|
|||
|
|
collecting duct |
|
|||
|
|
cortical nephrons |
|
|||
|
|
juxtamedullary nephrons |
||||
|
|
afferent arteriole |
|
|||
|
|
efferent arteriole |
|
|||
|
|
peritubular capillaries |
|
|||
|
|
vasa recta |
|
|||
|
|
antidiuretic hormone |
|
|||
|
|
juxtaglomerular apparatus |
||||
|
|
angiotensin II |
|
|||
|
|
aldosterone |
|
|||
|
|
renin |
|
|||
|
|
renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone
system |
||||
|
|
atrial natriuretic factor |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
||||
|
hormone |
|
|
||||
|
|
target cells |
|
|
|||
|
|
endocrine system |
|
|
|||
|
|
endocrine glands |
|
|
|||
|
|
neurosecretory cells |
|
|
|||
|
|
ecdysone |
|
|
|||
|
|
brain hormone (BH) |
|
|
|||
|
|
juvenile hormone (JH) |
|
|
|||
|
|
nitric oxide |
|
|
|||
|
|
growth factors |
|
|
|||
|
|
prostaglandin's (PG's) |
|
|
|||
|
|
signal-transduction pathways |
|
|
|||
|
|
tropic hormones |
|
|
|||
|
|
hypothalamus |
|
|
|||
|
|
pituitary gland |
|
|
|||
|
|
anterior pituitary |
|
|
|||
|
|
adenohypophysis) |
|
|
|||
|
|
endorphins |
|
|
|||
|
|
pineal gland |
|
|
|||
|
|
melatonin |
|
|
|||
|
|
thyroid gland |
|
|
|||
|
|
triiodothyronine (T3) |
|
|
|||
|
|
thyroxine (T4) |
|
|
|||
|
|
calcitonin |
|
|
|||
|
|
parathyroid glands |
|
|
|||
|
|
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
|
|||
|
|
luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
|
|||
|
|
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
|
|||
|
|
gonadotropins |
|
|
|||
|
|
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
|
|||
|
|
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
|
|
|||
|
|
adrenal glands |
|
|
|||
|
|
adrenal cortex |
|
|
|||
|
|
adrenal medulla |
|
|
|||
|
|
epinephrine |
|
|
|||
|
|
norepinephrine |
|
|
|||
|
|
catecholamines |
|
|
|||
|
|
corticosterioids |
|
|
|||
|
|
glucocorticoids |
|
|
|||
|
|
mineralcorticoids |
|
|
|||
|
|
androgen |
|
|
|||
|
|
testosterone |
|
|
|||
|
|
estrogen |
|
|
|||
|
|
progestins |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
||||
|
asexual reproduction |
|
|
||||
|
|
sexual reproduction |
|
|
|||
|
|
gametes |
|
|
|||
|
|
zygote |
|
|
|||
|
|
ovum |
|
|
|||
|
|
spermatozoon |
|
|
|||
|
|
fission |
|
|
|||
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budding |
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gemmules |
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fragmentation |
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regeneration |
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parthenogenesis |
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hermaphroditism |
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sequential hermaphroditism |
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protogynous |
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protandrous |
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fertilization |
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external fertilization |
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internal fertilization |
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pheromones |
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gonads |
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spermatheca |
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cloaca |
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testes |
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seminiferous tubules |
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Leydig cells |
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scrotum |
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epididymis |
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ejactulation |
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vas deferens |
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ejaculatory duct |
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urethra |
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semen |
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seminal vesicles |
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prostate gland |
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bulbourethral glands |
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penis |
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baculum |
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glans penis |
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prepuce |
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ovaries |
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follicles |
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ovulation |
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corpus luteum |
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oviduct |
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uterus |
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endometrium |
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hymen |
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pregnancy (gestation |
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cervix |
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vagina |
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|
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|
embryos |
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|
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|
|
conception |
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|
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|
trimesters |
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|
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|
cleavage |
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|
|||
|
|
blastocyst |
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|
|||
|
|
placenta |
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|
|||
|
|
organogenesis |
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|
|||
|
|
fetus |
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|
|||
|
|
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
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|
|||
|
|
parturition |
|
|
|||
|
|
labor |
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|
|||
|
|
lactation |
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|
|||
|
|
contraception |
|
|
|||
|
|
rhythm method |
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|
|||
|
|
natural family planning |
|
|
|||
|
|
barrier methods |
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|
|||
|
|
condom |
|
|
|||
|
|
tubal ligation |
|
|
|||
|
|
vasectomy |
|
|
|||
|
|
in vitro fertilization |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
||||
|
preformation |
|
|
||||
|
|
epigenesis |
|
|
|||
|
|
acrosomal reaction |
|
|
|||
|
|
fast block to polyspermy |
|
|
|||
|
|
cortical reaction |
|
|
|||
|
|
cortical granules |
|
|
|||
|
|
fertilization membrane |
|
|
|||
|
|
slow block to polyspermy |
|
|
|||
|
|
zona pellucida |
|
|
|||
|
|
cleavage |
|
|
|||
|
|
blastomeres |
|
|
|||
|
|
yolk |
|
|
|||
|
|
vegetal pole |
|
|
|||
|
|
animal pole |
|
|
|||
|
|
gray crescent |
|
|
|||
|
|
morula |
|
|
|||
|
|
blastocoel |
|
|
|||
|
|
blastula |
|
|
|||
|
|
meroblastic cleavage |
|
|
|||
|
|
holoblastic cleavage |
|
|
|||
|
|
gastrulation |
|
|
|||
|
|
gastrulation |
|
|
|||
|
|
ectoderm |
|
|
|||
|
|
endoderm |
|
|
|||
|
|
mesoderm |
|
|
|||
|
|
invagination |
|
|
|||
|
|
archenteron |
|
|
|||
|
|
blastopore |
|
|
|||
|
|
dorsal lip |
|
|
|||
|
|
involution |
|
|
|||
|
|
yolk plug |
|
|
|||
|
|
organogenesis |
|
|
|||
|
|
notochord |
|
|
|||
|
|
neural tube |
|
|
|||
|
|
somites |
|
|
|||
|
|
amniotes |
|
|
|||
|
|
blastodisc |
|
|
|||
|
|
primitive streak |
|
|
|||
|
|
extraembryonic membranes |
|
|
|||
|
|
yolk sac |
|
|
|||
|
|
amnion |
|
|
|||
|
|
chorion |
|
|
|||
|
|
allantois |
|
|
|||
|
|
blastocyst |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
||||
|
central nervous system (CNS) |
|
|
||||
|
|
effector cells |
|
|
|||
|
|
nerves |
|
|
|||
|
|
peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
|
|||
|
|
neurons |
|
|
|||
|
|
cell body |
|
|
|||
|
|
dendrites |
|
|
|||
|
|
axons |
|
|
|||
|
|
myelin sheath |
|
|
|||
|
|
Schwann cells |
|
|
|||
|
|
oligodendrocytes |
|
|
|||
|
|
synaptic terminals |
|
|
|||
|
|
synapse |
|
|
|||
|
|
sensory neurons |
|
|
|||
|
|
interneurons |
|
|
|||
|
|
motor neurons |
|
|
|||
|
|
reflex |
|
|
|||
|
|
ganglion (pl. ganglia) |
|
|
|||
|
|
nuclei |
|
|
|||
|
|
supporting cells (glia) |
|
|
|||
|
|
blood-brain barrier |
|
|
|||
|
|
membrane potential |
|
|
|||
|
|
excitable cells |
|||||