True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or
false.
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1.
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The all or none law, as applied to nerve conduction, states that the whole nerve
cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.
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2.
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The cell that produces the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is
called the Schwann cell.
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3.
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The ability of hormones to affect the activities of a particular cell depends on
that cell having specific receptors with which the hormone molecules can bind.
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4.
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Crossbridge formation occurs when myosin heads bind to troponin molecules
located on the thin filaments.
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5.
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Receptors found on the heart include both beta adrenergic and muscarinic
receptors.
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6.
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Calcium and cAMP are both used by cells as second messengers.
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7.
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The number of receptors present in a target cell is a constant invariable
number.
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8.
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A light load will allow for a faster contraction.
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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the
statement or answers the question.
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9.
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Which of the following is a mechanism of termination of the neurotransmitter
effect?
1. enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter
2. reuptake of neurotransmitter by
postsynaptic cell
3. simple diffusion of neurotransmitter away from the synapse
a. | 1 only | d. | 1 and 3 | b. | 2 only | e. | 2 and 3 | c. | 3
only |
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10.
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The axon hillock is regarded as the:
a. | receptive zone of the neuron | c. | trigger zone of the
neuron | b. | transmission zone of the neuron | d. | synaptic zone of the
neuron |
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11.
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During an action potential the spike is caused by:
a. | flooding in of Na ions | c. | flooding out of Na ions | b. | flooding in of K
ions | d. | leaky K
channel |
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12.
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Which of the following is NOT true of graded potentials?
a. | they dissipate as they travel away from their origin | c. | they can also be called action
potentials | b. | they form on the cell body and dendrites of neurons | d. | they may be excitatory or
inhibitory |
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13.
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Direct acting neurotransmitters:
a. | require cyclic AMP | d. | act through second messengers | b. | mediate very slow
responses | e. | bind to receptors
that are linked to G proteins | c. | open ion channels to evoke rapid
responses |
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14.
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Which of the following is considered a autonomic reflex?
a. | pupillary light reflex | c. | stretch reflex | b. | patellar reflex | d. | crossed extensor
reflex |
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15.
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Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors:
a. | act on anterior pituitary cells | c. | stimulate or inhibit the secretion
of specific hormones | b. | travel via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal
veins | d. | all of the above are
true |
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16.
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The hormone mainly responsible for determining metabolic rate is:
a. | thyroxine | c. | ACTH | b. | cortisol | d. | TSH |
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17.
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This hormone acts on the kidneys to decrease water output.
a. | aldosterone | c. | thyroxine | b. | ADH | d. | insulin |
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18.
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When would oxytocin normally be released?
a. | during stress | c. | when calcium levels are low | b. | during
labor | d. | when blood sugar
levels are low |
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19.
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What hormone is considered the "stress hormone"
a. | adrenocorticotropic hromone | c. | growth hormone | b. | cortisol | d. | insulin |
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20.
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If a rat is thyroidectomized:
a. | it will have a high metabolic rate | c. | it will have a low metabolic
rate | b. | it will have low TSH levels | d. | it will can be cured by administering TSH |
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21.
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What factors stimulate hormone release in the body?
a. | humoral stimuli | d. | all of the above | b. | hormonal stimuli | e. | b and c | c. | neural
stimuli |
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22.
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Which of the following is NOT a molecular/cellular effect of hormones?
a. | change membrane permeability | d. | stimulates
secretion | b. | turn protein synthesis on or off | e. | all of the above can be molecular/cellular
effects of hormones | c. | change enzyme system
functions |
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23.
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The series-elastic component of muscle:
a. | must be pulled tight before the muscle can shorten | c. | when stretched provides a passive
recoil force | b. | helps bring relaxed muscle back to it's original shape | d. | all of the
above |
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24.
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The function of the transverse tubules (T-tubules) is to:
a. | bind muscle fibers together at the neuromuscular junction | c. | bind actin and
myosin together | b. | help distribute the electrical signal to contract throughout the muscle
fiber | d. | separate individual
muscle fibers to allow individual contraction of fibers |
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25.
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Which of the following is NOT a primary taste sensation?
a. | salty | d. | sour | b. | edamame | e. | bitter | c. | sweet |
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26.
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If both eyes have normal vision for the right half of their visual field, but
absence of vision in both eyes for the left half of the visual fields the injury would be to
the:
a. | right optic nerve | c. | the right optic tract | b. | the whole optic
chiamsa | d. | the left optic
tract |
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27.
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of conduction deafness?
a. | fusion of the ossicles | d. | can result from earwax in auditory canal | b. | lesion of the
cochlear nerve | e. | can result
from perforated tympanic membrane | c. | can result from a middle ear
infection |
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28.
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The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of:
a. | parasympathetic innervation | d. | reflex control | b. | sympathetic
stimulation | e. | neurosecretory
substances | c. | vagus nerve activity |
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29.
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Which of the following is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation?
a. | salivation | c. | increased peristalsis of digestive viscera | b. | constriction of
pupils | d. | all of the above are
related to parasympathetic stimulation |
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30.
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The pituitary gland is controlled by this brain area.
a. | medulla oblongata | c. | hypothalamus | b. | occipital lobe | d. | thalamus |
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31.
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Which of the following is NOT an action of insulin?
a. | stimulates glucose uptake by cells | c. | stimulates production of fat from
glucose | b. | stimulates glycolysis | d. | stimulates glycogenolysis |
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32.
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Which of the following is NOT true of the nervous and endocrine systems?
a. | the endocrine system regulates the long term processes of the body, and the nervous
system governs short term processes | c. | the endocrine system chemical messengers are always steroids, the
nervous system messengers are always proteins | b. | the endocrine system uses the blood to
transport the chemical messengers, the nervous system sends long axons to release neurotransmitters
next to the target tissue | d. | the endocrine system regulates sexual function, growth, and metabolism; the nervous
system regulates muscle contraction, reflexes |
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33.
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The relative refractory period of an axon:
a. | occurs when a stronger stimulus can initiate a second AP | c. | occurs when
temporal summation yields an inhibitory impulse | b. | occurs during the spike phase of the action
potential | d. | occurs during the
time the leaky K+ channel allows K+ out of the
cell |
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34.
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Which of the following is NOT true of serotonin reuptake inhibitors?
a. | they are used as antidepressants | c. | they allow serotonin to interact
with postsynaptic receptors for longer periods of time | b. | they block serotonin’s reuptake by the
presynaptic cell | d. | they are a
type of monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
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35.
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 The picture above shows: a. | a chemical messenger signalling a cell using direct gene activation | c. | a crossbridge
cycle | b. | a chemical messenger stimulating a cell using the second messenger
system | d. | a paracrine second
messenger system |
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36.
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The signal transduction mechanism of some protein hormones uses a metabolized
phospholipid as the second messenger. What is this mechanism called?
a. | the cyclic AMP system | c. | the PIP- IP3 mechanism | b. | the Calcium second
messenger system | d. | direct
gene activation |
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37.
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A high level of thyroxine:
a. | will inhibit TSH secretion | c. | will stimulate TSH
secretion | b. | will enhance iodine production in the body | d. | will stimulate TRH
secretion |
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38.
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Muscle activity in which muscle tension doesn't cause muscle shortening is
known as:
a. | isotonic contraction | c. | A band isolation | b. | isometric contraction | d. | rigor mortis |
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39.
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Which of the folowing best describes goiter?
a. | hypothyroidism due to lack of iodine | c. | hyperthyroidism | b. | hypothyroidism
caused by lack of TSH | d. | myxedema |
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Matching
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Match the following. a. | threshold stimulus | d. | recruitment | b. | treppe | e. | maximal stimulus | c. | tetanus |
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40.
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the stimulus, above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all
motor units are firing in the muscle
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41.
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the minimum stimulus at which a muscle cell contracts
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42.
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the phenomenon in which the contraction strength of a muscle increases due to
improved intracellular function during the warm up
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43.
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continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation
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44.
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how a smooth increase in muscle force is produced
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Match the following a. | subthreshold
stimulus | c. | temporal summation | b. | threshold stimulus | d. | spatial
summation |
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45.
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numerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert
a cumulative effect
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46.
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stimulation of a postsynaptic neuron by many terminals at the same time
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47.
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an insufficient stimulus
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48.
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the intensity of a stimulus below which no response is elicited in a
neuron
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Match the following effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters
on visceral organs to their effects a. | increases up to 100% | d. | no effect because there are no
receptors | b. | decreases insulin secretion | e. | constriction using beta receptors | c. | constriction using alpha
receptors |
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49.
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sympathetic stimulation of pancreas
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50.
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parasymapthetic stimulation of sweat glands
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51.
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sympathetic effect on metabolism
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52.
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sympathetic effect on blood vessels to lungs
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Match the following mechanisms of energy production for skeletal muscle
contraction to their characteristics. a. | requires oxygen, produces ATP
efficiently | c. | donates phosphate to ATP for 15 sec of contraction energy | b. | generates glucose in
liver | d. | produces lactic
acid |
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53.
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creatine phosphate breakdown
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54.
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aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)
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55.
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anaerobic metabolism (fermentation)
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Short Answer
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56.
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Imagine that a neuron has several hundred synaptic bulbs impinging on it. The
majority of these are firing, yet the neuron in question does not transmit an impuse. Give a valid
explanation of why this could occur. (2)
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57.
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Outline the process of excitation-contraction coupling in the neuromuscular
system, from an action potential in a motor neuron to the beginning of the crossbridge cycle. Include
role of Ca++, motor end plate potentials, t tubules, SR, troponin, etc. How does muscle contraction
end? (8pts)
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