Review and Study Guide for Chapters 8 -11 Exam

Chapter 8

1. What do the results of the Robbers Cave study suggest about the role of conflict in intergroup prejudice?
2. According to John Duckitt’s extension of realistic conflict theory, what two types of conflict lead to intergroup competition?
3. Distinguish between stable oppression and unstable oppression and give an example of each.
4. Define false consciousness and explain how it affects intergroup relations.
5. Explain one outcome that follows when a dominant group concludes that a challenge from a subordinate group is legitimate.
6. List two factors that motivate self-categorization.
7. Briefly explain the concept of optimal distinctiveness.
8. What are chronic social identities? Give an example.
9. “People who favor their ingroup do not necessarily penalize outgroup members.” Defend or refute this statement.
10. Briefly describe one way that social identity might result in tolerance for outgroups.
11. Explain the concept of relative deprivation.
12. List two factors that can lead people to conclude they do not have what they deserve.
13. Distinguish between distributive justice and procedural justice.
14. What is scapegoating? Give an example.
15. List two problems with the frustration-aggression-displacement theory of scapegoating.
16. List two characteristics of outgroups that, according to ideological theory, are likely to lead to scapegoating.
17. Distinguish between symbolic threat and realistic threat in integrated threat theory.
18. Briefly describe one reason why people join hate groups.
19. Give one reason why women are less likely to join hate groups than men.
20. Briefly explain the role of religion in hate group membership.

Chapter 9

1. List three elements of the gender belief system.
2. Name and define the two constellations of traits that comprise gender stereotypes.
3. Briefly explain how women’s and men’s facial features are related to gender-associated stereotypes.
4. Briefly explain how perceivers interpret women’s and men’s expression of anger.
5. Comment briefly on the generalizability of gender-associated beliefs.
6. Defend or refute this statement: “Gender stereotypes are more accurate than not.”
7. Think about the traits currently associated with women and men. Do perceivers think those traits will change in the future? Why or why not?
8. What is the women are wonderful effect?
9. List two major categories of subtypes of women and men.
10. Briefly describe how feminists are viewed.
11. Compare and contrast the Attitudes toward Women Scale with one of the modern sexism scales.
12. Distinguish between benevolent and hostile sexism.
13. How do the concepts of benevolent and hostile sexism explain the discrimination-affection paradox (that women are liked better than men, but face more discrimination)?
14. List two negative consequences of the male gender role.
15. What is face-ism? Describe two research findings that support it.
16. According to role congruity theory, what two factors prohibit women’s entry into leadership positions?
17. List two factors that affect women’s opportunities for success in leadership roles.
18. List three stereotypes of lesbians and three stereotypes of gay men.
19. What is the sexual orientation hypothesis?
20. Name two personality types who are likely to hold anti-gay attitudes.

Chapter 10

1. Name two socially approved and two socially disapproved prejudices.
2. Distinguish among blatant, subtle, and covert discrimination and give an example of each.
3. Briefly describe two ways that subtle prejudice can be conveyed in everyday speech.
4. Distinguish among institutional, organizational, and cultural discrimination and give an example of each.
5. Explain how personal stereotypes influence whether or not an individual discriminates against an outgroup member.
6. What is attitude-behavior correspondence? What factors increase or decrease this correspondence?
7. Name and define two types of motivation to suppress prejudiced responses.
8. Briefly explain how social norms influence whether people do or do not discriminate against social groups.
9. Describe the development of the motivation to control prejudice.
10. What effect does changing one’s normative environment have on both the internal and the external motivation to control prejudice?
11. What is regressive prejudice? Name two factors that can produce it.
12. Name two factors that reduce people’s motivation to comply with the social norms against prejudice.
13. What are moral credentials? Do they increase or decrease prejudicial behavior? Why or why not?
14. Explain how people respond when they believe they should not be prejudiced but have acted in a prejudiced manner.
15. Describe the research evidence for discrimination in hiring. Which social groups are most and least affected by discriminatory practices?
16. Explain the relationship between gender-associated stereotypic beliefs and evaluations of women’s and men’s work performance.
17. Name two workplace characteristics that can adversely affect minority group members’ job performance.
18. Think about a woman and a man with equivalent job performance ratings who are both eligible for promotion. According to research, what is likely to happen? Would these chances be different if they worked in a traditionally male-dominated job versus a traditionally female-dominated job?
19. Name two organizational factors that affect Black managers’ promotion rates, relative to their White peers.
20. What is the stereotype fit hypothesis and how does it account for women’s representation in management and executive positions in organizations?

Chapter 11

1. Explain how group privilege determines which groups are stigmatized.
2. Name and define two factors that define a stigmatized group.
3. What is stigma by association? Describe one research finding demonstrating this effect.
4. Name and define two perceptual tendencies that affect the daily lives of tokens.
5. List three psychological effects of being a token.
6. What is attributional ambiguity?
7. Explain how minority group members interpret positive and negative feedback from individuals who seem to have ulterior motives.
8. Distinguish between augmenting and discounting of feedback from dominant group members.
9. Explain the psychological consequences that receiving unclear feedback can have for members of stigmatized groups.
10. What is the personal/group discrimination discrepancy?
11. Describe one research result that supports the cognitive explanation for the personal/group discrimination discrepancy.
12. Name two reasons why individuals would be motivated to believe they have not been personally discriminated against.
13. What is stigma consciousness and how does it affect the behavior of stigmatized group members?
14. Explain the contradiction between results of studies on attributional ambiguity and studies on the personal/group discrimination discrepancy.
15. What is stereotype threat? Describe how it affects stigmatized group members’ behavior.
16. Name two factors that increase the likelihood of including stereotype threat.
17. Name two ways that the effects of stereotype threat can be lessened.
18. Briefly describe two ways holding stereotypic beliefs affects the cognitive performance of people who hold those beliefs.
19. What is stereotype lift and how does it affect the behavior of dominant group members?
20. Name two direct ways that prejudice and discrimination can produce stress in those who experience them.